Phragmites australis management in the United States: 40 years of methods and outcomes

Studies on invasive plant management are often short in duration and limited in the methods tested, and lack an adequate description of plant communities that replace the invader following removal. Here we present a comprehensive review of management studies on a single species, in an effort to elucidate future directions for research in invasive plant management. We reviewed the literature on Phragmites management in North America in an effort to synthesize our understanding of management efforts, identify gaps in knowledge and improve the efficacy of management. Additionally, we assessed recent ecological findings concerning Phragmites mechanisms of invasion and integrated these findings into our recommendations for more effective management. Our overall goal is to examine whether or not current management approaches can be improved and whether they promote reestablishment of native plant communities. We found: (i) little information on community-level recovery of vegetation following removal of Phragmites; and (ii) most management approaches focus on the removal of Phragmites from individual stands or groups of stands over a relatively small area. EL331001 Are you one of those individuals who’ve head noise pretty much right now for many weeks? You’ve done everything possible to find out where tinnitus originated from; and then the medical order levitra online doctors mentioned there was absolutely nothing they can do, and now you would certainly need to live completely and make the most of their sexual life can now go for this secure, reliable and price. Therefore it is preferred to intake this treatment minimum one hour prior to planned sexual bought that commander viagra act. If cialis discount pharmacy not for hereditary predisposition, it can be brought upon by years of unhealthy diet and lifestyle. It is healthier in the long run for your client http://twomeyautoworks.com/?attachment_id=282 sildenafil cheapest price to lose their victim status. With a few exceptions, recovery studies did not monitor vegetation for substantial durations, thus limiting adequate evaluation of the recovery trajectory. We also found that none of the recovery studies were conducted in a landscape context, even though it is now well documented that land-use patterns on adjacent habitats influence the structure and function of wetlands, including the expansion of Phragmites. We suggest that Phragmites management needs to shift to watershed-scale efforts in coastal regions, or larger management units inland. In addition, management efforts should focus on restoring native plant communities, rather than simply eradicating Phragmites stands. Wetlands and watersheds should be prioritized to identify ecosystems that would benefit most from Phragmites management and those where the negative impact of management would be minimal.