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in urban areas with more trees on
the street, according to recent UK research. The study examined the link between
mental health and wellbeing and the presence of trees in London neighbourhoods.
Its findings support the idea that maintaining a link to nat
ure, even in an urban
area, may help provide a healthy living environment.
Natural features and green spaces
in
urban environments
provide a variety of
ecosystem services, such as reducing air pollution and supporting urban biodiversity.
Previous studies have also shown that people with access to urban green spaces benefit
from positive impacts on mental health and
wellbeing. Much of this previous work has used
self
–
reported surveys of mental health, and tends to look at the overall amount of greenery
in an area, instead of examining specific aspects of the natural environment in cities.
To approach the topic from a
different angle, the researchers identified a quantitative
indicator for mental
health service provision
: the number of prescriptions issued for
a
ntidepressants. Using freely available government data, they could establish the number of
antidepressant prescriptions per 1000 people living in 33 boroughs of London, during
2009
–
10.
They also looked at the number of trees growing along streets in the b
oroughs, again using
comprehensive publicly available government data. This excluded trees planted in parks,
gardens and other urban green spaces. Their analysis took account of various confounding
factors that may also influence mental health, such as soc
io
–
economic status, employment
levels, number of smokers and average age in each borough.
The average street tree density in London boroughs was 40.2 trees per kilometre, with
figures ranging from 15.7 to 81.3. Antidepressant prescription rates per 1000 p
eople varied
between 357.9 and 577.8. Statistical analysis of the results found that a higher street tree
density of one tree per kilometre was associated with 1.18 fewer antidepressant
prescriptions per 1000 people.
However, the study did not attempt to i
dentify a mechanism for this association. The
researchers suggest that this should be the goal of further research, which could also
examine seasonal variations in prescription rates, gender differences, or make analyses at a
more detailed geographical sc
ale.
The researchers noted several limitations of their study. For instance, although the statistical
methods used can help control for confounding factors, there may be some effects that were
not identified or adequately controlled for. Also, their antide
pressant prescription data
exclude the 11% of people who seek private prescriptions (rather than seeing doctors
through the public health service), as well as people who do not seek medical help for their
condition. The number of private prescriptions may
also be higher among groups with higher
socio
–
economic status.
Finally, urban street trees could merely represent broader differences between boroughs
that would influence mental health, such as population density or other street features that
improve the
perceived quality of a borough, such as vandalism prevention or traffic calming
measures.
Nonetheless, the study’s authors suggest that their findings
provide evidence that
maintaining or planting urban trees could form a part of public projects that inclu
de stress
reduction and improved mental health for urban populations in their aims. Examples of such
projects include the UK’s
‘Big Tree Plant’
,
which planted one million trees in cities, towns and
neighbourhoods during 2010
–
2015.