When rampant white-tailed deer graze in forests, they prefer to eat native plants over certain unpalatable invasive plants, such as garlic mustard and Japanese stiltgrass. These eating habits lower native plant diversity and abundance, while increasing the proportion of plant communities made up of non-native species, according to a new study.
The findings were published in the open access, online journal AoB Plants. The study pooled data from previous studies conducted at 23 sites across the northeastern U.S.
“Overall, deer reduce community diversity, lowering native plant richness and abundance and benefiting certain invasive plants, showing that deer have a pervasive impact on forest understory plant communities across broad swaths of the eastern U.S.,” said Kristine Averill, a research associate in Cornell’s Section of Soil and Crop Sciences and lead author of the study.
By altering the balance of native plants in favor of a higher fraction of invasive plants, deer change forest plant ecology. In this way, invasive plants could have a bigger influence on the forest ecosystem and leave fewer opportunities for native animals who depend on the native plants. Such changes in plant community structures also have long-term impacts on forest regeneration, Averill said.
In the study, Averill and colleagues analyzed raw data from previous research. The data came from sites that each had multiple pairs of fenced and unfenced plots, where deer were mostly excluded from fenced plots. “We compared the plant communities where deer were excluded against the communities where they had access,” Averill said.
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The researchers were surprised to find that the diversity of invasive species – the total number of non-native species – and the total abundance (or land cover) of invasive plants stayed the same in areas where deer grazed and where they were excluded. Since deer find some invasive species unappetizing in favor of more palatable plants, deer indirectly promote the success of these invasives, Averill said.
“The study results suggest we should try to maintain lower deer densities through hunting and fencing if the goals are to support more native plants and foster reduced relative abundance of introduced plants,” Averill said.
Co-authors include researchers from Cornell, Pennsylvania State University, the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, the Smithsonian Environmental Research center, National Park Service, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, University of Tennessee, Ohio State University and Hood College.
The study was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, National Science Foundation, the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Defense.